اقتصاد چرخشی یا اقتصاد دورانی[۱] (به انگلیسیCircular Economy) که اغلب به آن Circularity نیز گفته می‌شود،[۲] یک نظام اقتصادی است که هدف آن کمینه کردن پسماندها و بیشترین استفاده از منابع است. این رویکرد بازسازی کننده در مقابل رویکرد سنتی اقتصاد خطی قرار می‌گیرد که در آن مدل تولید به صورت «دریافت مواد اولیه، تولید و دور انداختن» است. در این نوع نگاه، مصرف منابع ورودی، پسماندهای خروجی و هدررفت انرژی با بستن یا کوچک کردن حلقه‌های مواد و انرژی، از طریق طراحی، نگهداری، تعمیر، استفاده مجدد، بازتولید و بازیافت کمینه می‌شود.[۳] می‌توان به صورت بلندمدت به این اهداف دست یافت. مدافعین این ایده ادعا می‌کنند که چنین جهان پایداری به معنای حتی اندکی کاهش در سطح کیفیت زندگی مصرف‌کنندگان نیست و می‌توان بدون هزینه اضافی برای تولیدکنندگان (یا کاهش درآمدشان) آن را محقق کرد. بحث آن است که مدل‌های کسب‌وکار با محوریت اقتصاد چرخشی می‌توانند به سودآوری مدل‌های خطی باشند که امکان استفاده از محصولات و خدمات مشابه را برای ما فراهم می‌کند.[۴]

اقتصاد چرخشی برای دستیابی به مدل‌هایی که به لحاظ اقتصادی و زیست‌محیطی پایدارند، بر حوزه‌هایی چون تفکر طراحی، تفکر سیستماتیک، گسترش طول عمر محصول و بازیافت متمرکز شده‌است.

12 thoughts on “اقتصاد چرخشی ، مفاهیم ، اصول و راهنمای اجرا”
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  3. The investigators additionally found that creatine at both
    the 2% and 4% by weight doses lowered depressive behaviors
    within the ovariectomized rats who received estradiol and progesterone
    compared to no creatine; this impact was not observed
    within the other teams [20]. A Quantity Of of these investigations,
    particularly in animal fashions, reported improved exercise tolerance and/or medical
    outcomes. However, a big multi-site medical trial conducted
    by Bender and coworkers [51] on PD, HD, and ALS patients did not discover promising
    outcomes. In this regard, they monitored 1687 members
    who supplemented their food regimen with creatine (9.5 g/day for as much
    as 5 years).
    It is a buffered creatine molecule, which signifies that it is processed with a higher pH than traditional
    creatine monohydrate. The high alkaline pH (normally above 12) protects the molecules during
    their path through the digestive system, allowing for extra creatine to reach within the
    muscle cells. Essentially, creatine supplements replenish your muscle
    cells with the ultimate power boost, making sure you’ve received the juice to kick your exercises up a notch.
    Whether Or Not you are sprinting, lifting, or leaping, creatine is
    there to show your effort into overdrive, serving to you work harder,
    recuperate quicker, and get stronger, sooner. So, if you’re trying
    to degree up your game, prepare to satisfy your new workout
    wingman.
    This means it must add a phosphate to the ADP molecule to have the ability to produce ATP and
    release vitality again. Ultimately, the most effective creatine for you depends on your goals, preferences, and the way your body responds.

    By understanding the distinctive features of every type,
    you also can make an knowledgeable alternative to maximize your health results.
    Creatine supplementation has been extensively studied and it’s at present thought to be a secure and efficient complement that may
    offer numerous benefits… The new types may be promising, but extra scientific data is
    needed earlier than they will compete with creatine monohydrate.

    Based on the scientific evidence, creatine monohydrate
    is the beneficial form.
    In a follow-up study, Kerksick et al. (2009) examined whether
    co-ingestion of d-pinitol with CM would have an result on training adaptations, body composition,
    and/or whole-body creatine retention in resistance-trained males.
    In the research, 24 resistance educated males have been randomly assigned in a double-blind method to
    CM + d-pinitol or CM alone prior to starting a supervised
    4-week resistance coaching program. Topics ingested a typical loading part (i.e., 20 g/day for 5 days) earlier than ingesting 5 g/day for the remaining 23 
    days. Results revealed that creatine retention elevated in each groups on account of supplementation. However, no vital
    variations have been noticed between teams in training diversifications.

    Consequently, additional analysis is needed to discover out whether d-pinitol supplementation enhances creatine uptake and/or affects the
    ergogenicity of creatine supplementation earlier than agency conclusions can be drawn.
    Furthermore, single-effort sprint performance improved by
    1-5%, and repetitive dash performance additionally improved by 5-15%.
    Furthermore, creatine supplementation during coaching additionally
    considerably improved energy gains, features in fat-free mass, and
    efficiency enhancements in high-intensity exercise tasks (13).
    Additional analysis confirmed the speculation by demonstrating that 20mg of creatine supplementation per day for five days improved train performance during
    repetitive isokinetic knee-extensor coaching workout routines, decreasing fatigue by as much
    as 6% (9).
    Based Mostly on all the scientific knowledge, our alternative of the best type of creatine supplement is
    – creatine monohydrate. It is the secure, reasonably priced,
    and most effective type of creatine out there in the market.

    Creatine monohydrate is considered because the purest type of creatine out
    there available within the market.
    With that said, while creatine HCL is claimed to have higher bioavailability, due to the hydrochloride,
    and your abdomen, contains hydrochloric acid. Creatine HCL is
    more soluble in water than creatine monohydrate, however once exposed to the hydrochloric acid in your abdomen, acid has been shown to extend creatine solubility, making creatine
    monohydrate stable in abdomen acid. Finally, the true benefit of a creatine loading part is determined by the time frame by which you’re trying to succeed in your objectives.
    It can also be ingested via sure foods, together
    with beef, pork, hen, fish, eggs, some other animal-based products, and pumpkin seeds.
    Twenty-four elite athletes from the Bulgarian Nationwide Weightlifting Team were chosen to participate in a double-blind medical study comparing Kre Alkalyn to standard creatine monohydrate.

    Creatine nitrate is, actually, extensively accepted by many fitness lovers claiming that its results could be higher than monohydrate.
    And with minimal proof behind it, any claims made in favour of
    Cr nitrate will be primarily based on opinion rather than reality – actually
    till some clinical trial knowledge is launched anyway.
    This means that when it’s added to your pre exercise it might style barely higher.
    Initially, the data analysis confirmed no difference between any of the complement teams.

    You can add it to your post-workout drinks for sooner muscle restoration and repair.

    With all the above considerations, we are in a position to say creatine monohydrate is usually a
    safer selection. With extra confirmed evidence
    of bringing results creatine monohydrate gains more belief.
    If you comply with the above-mentioned precautions, you might not
    expertise any unwanted effects. In Accordance to sources, with creatine monohydrate,
    you could expertise some discomfort and creatine HCL has no side effects.
    Due to favorable solubility creatine HCL is barely easier
    in your abdomen and has fewer unwanted effects.

    In addition, people typically expertise adult-onset obesity as they age, prompting them to diet to advertise weight
    loss. Unfortunately, this typically leads to lack of muscle mass and energy,
    which might be counterproductive in older individuals.

    Creatine supplementation whereas following an energy-restricted diet may be an efficient strategy
    to take care of muscle mass, promote fats loss, and help handle adult-onset obesity.
    In support of this contention, Forbes and colleagues [176] lately carried out a meta-analysis on the consequences of creatine on body composition and
    located that creatine supplementation could not only
    help keep muscle mass but also promote fats mass loss.

    This strategy might be useful in stopping or managing adult-onset obesity.
    Further, creatine supplementation throughout energy-restriction-induced weight reduction interventions could additionally be an efficient way to protect muscle mass,
    promote fats loss, and thereby assist handle adult-onset obesity.

    Creatine has demonstrated neuromuscular efficiency enhancing properties on short period,
    predominantly anaerobic, intermittent exercises.
    Creatine supplementation may facilitate the reuptake of Ca2+ into the sacroplasmic
    reticulum by the action of the Ca2+ adenosine triphosphatase pump, which may
    allow drive to be produced extra quickly by way of the quicker detachment of the actomyosin bridges.
    For safety, again with restricted analysis on HCL in comparability with creatine monohydrate, it will be onerous to go
    together with monohydrate given that it’s the most pure form of creatine.
    Masses of research have pointed to monohydrate being a protected
    and effective kind, and whereas HCL might very nicely
    be the identical or better, we simply don’t have the proof
    yet to make that solid declare. For those trying into general
    effectiveness, your greatest guess is to go with
    monohydrate since so many studies are out there.

    With loads of analysis, creatine monohydrate has been shown to increase strength, restoration, and work to
    build that muscle you wish to see most.
    Both types of creatine confirmed slightly different results on plasma
    creatine absorption and kinetics. The two creatine salts considerably elevated imply power
    however solely pyruvate varieties confirmed vital effects for rising force and attenuating fatigability throughout all intervals.
    These results could be attributed to an enhanced contraction and leisure velocity as nicely as
    a better blood circulate and muscle oxygen uptake.
    On the other hand, the power efficiency measured
    with the citrate types decreases with time and improvements
    were not important through the later intervals. In spite of these optimistic developments further analysis is required concerning the effects of these forms of creatine as there may be little or no evidence for
    their safety and efficacy. Moreover the regularity status of the novel forms
    of creatine range from country to nation and are
    sometimes discovered to be unclear when compared to that of CM [62].
    The majority of studies specializing in creatine supplementation report an increase in the body’s’ creatine pool [15-17].

    It accommodates a excessive percentage of creatine, often exceeding 99% with minimal additives or fillers.

    Nitrate, however, is shaped by combining one molecule of creatine and one molecule of nitric acid.

    It also ensures that customers get the potential benefits of the supply of nitric acid, together with
    creatine.
    Timing your creatine intake doesn’t matter, so it largely comes
    all the means down to comfort. I recommend taking it
    with food or after consuming to minimize the chance of GI discomfort.

    Nonetheless, as we saw from one paper above, HCL doesn’t appear to be as
    effective at decrease doses. Creatine HCL is often praised as a milder
    compound that delivers the same advantages in smaller doses with out
    causing abdomen discomfort. In theory, this also wants to mean smaller doses of HCL are sufficient to
    supply the identical results you’d get from
    3-5 grams of monohydrate day by day. Creatine HCL is way more soluble than monohydrate, which suggests a considerably smaller amount of liquid (e.g., water) is sufficient to dissolve an effective dose.

    Initially regarded as purely a psychological drawback,
    linking fatigue to despair or different psychiatric illnesses, newer research has been capable of show a metabolic dysfunction causing the symptoms [99,260,261].
    Linking this clinical state with mitochondrial dysfunction was first ready when lowered mitochondrial ATP ranges had been shown utilizing MRS on patients with fatigue syndrome [262].
    Later muscle biopsies and serum biomarkers have been in a place to present reduced
    mitochondrial biomarkers [263,264].
    Creatine Monohydrate is often advised to take
    a total of 3 to 5 grams for higher performance and muscle growth.
    Well, some people additionally contribute creatine
    loading section, of their bulking cycle. Creatine Monohydrate is amongst the most extensively researched and confirmed supplements that deliberately
    improve efficiency.
    We are thrilled to hear that you are experiencing optimistic outcomes corresponding to improved sleep, psychological clarity, and better lifting performance.

    Maintain up the good work and let us know in case you have any additional feedback or questions.

    Whether you’re lifting heavy, sprinting, or pushing via high-intensity workouts, Swolverine’s clinically dosed, totally transparent method helps you prepare harder, recover quicker, and construct lean muscle—without
    the unwanted aspect effects of standard creatine.
    New forms of creatine must be approved by the
    MHLW before they are often imported, distributed, and produced in Japan, one requirement being that sufficient
    documentation on the safety and similarity to CM have to be provided.

    Taking a complement ensures that your muscles are storing the
    utmost quantity of creatine attainable. For example, some manufacturers use micronized
    creatine, which entails barely more processing
    to enhance the complement’s solubility. To do this,
    you’ll have to take a total of grams per day, damaged down into 5-gram servings all through the day.
    Creatine monohydrate is what you presumably can consider the “original” form of creatine.

    Creatine monohydrate has turn into one of the popular ergogenic
    sport dietary supplements used at present. It is a nonessential dietary compound that is each
    endogenously synthesized and naturally ingested via diet.

    Creatine ingested by way of supplementation has been observed to be absorbed into
    the muscle completely by means of a creatine transporter, CreaT1.
    The main rationale of creatine supplementation is to maximise the
    rise within the intracellular pool of total creatine (creatine + phosphocreatine).
    There is much evidence indicating that creatine supplementation can improve
    athletic performance and mobile bioenergetics, though
    variability does exist. It is hypothesized that this variability is due to the course of that
    controls each the inflow and efflux of creatine throughout
    the cell membrane, and is likely as a result of a lower in activity of the creatine transporter from numerous compounding factors.

    Moreover, extra knowledge means that a person’s preliminary organic profile
    could partially decide the efficacy of a creatine supplementation protocol.

    When you would possibly be intensely pushing muscle tissue to their
    limits, your physique produces lactic acid. Then, as the lactic acid builds to an extreme level, the body experiences a
    drop in intracellular pH (x, x). This buildup of lactic acid and drop
    in pH(i) is the body’s way of defending
    the muscular tissues from overuse; successfully shutting down additional activity
    to forestall muscular injury.
    The working muscle tissue rapidly synthesize ATP from ADP with creatine phosphate as a cofactor, serving to your muscle tissue generate additional pressure or speed.

    Deldicque et al [32] found a 250%, 45% and 70% increase for collagen mRNA, glucose transporter four (GLUT4)
    and Myosin heavy chain IIA, respectively after 5 days creatine loading protocol (21 g/d).
    The authors speculated that creatine in addition to a single bout
    of resistance coaching can favor an anabolic environment by inducing
    modifications in gene expression after solely 5 days of
    supplementation.
    In our opinion, it’s value using monohydrate at first to
    test how we react to creatine. It Is specially prepared creatine,
    containing addition of Magnesium with the highest bioavailability.
    This complement totally deserves the popularity it has among bodily active people.
    The means it impacts our physique is embodied in a multi-stage and sophisticated course
    of that we will attempt to get a bit nearer look at.

    Additionally, there’s little to no proof that CrM causes anecdotal stories
    of bloating, gastrointestinal misery, disproportionate increase in water retention, elevated
    stress on the kidneys, elevated susceptibility to harm, etc.

    [49,50]. In reality, research immediately assessing whether or not creatine causes some
    of those issues found no or reverse results.

    As a result, there was interest in assessing whether or not CrM supplementation might
    profit a number of scientific populations including
    circumstances that impair mitochondrial operate [6]. The function of this evaluation is to look at the literature related to the function of CrM supplementation within the management of various conditions
    characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and make recommendations about additional work needed in this space.

    Creatine has proven to be some of the effective
    and well-liked dietary supplements for resistance-trained
    athletes [1-3]. The type of creatine that has been most extensively studied has
    been creatine monohydrate (CrM) [1].

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